Subject, Verb Agreement

PENGERTIAN SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement adalah persesuaian antara verb (kata kerja) dengan subject kalimat dalam hal number, yaitu: singular (tunggal) atau plural (jamak). Subjek dapat berupa noun (kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti), atau konstruksi lain yang berakting sebagai noun, seperti gerund dan infinitive. Pada dasarnya, singular subject (subjek tunggal) menggunakan singular verb (kata kerja tunggal), sedangkan plural subject (subjek jamak) menggunakan plural verb (kata kerja jamak).

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (UMUM)

Secara umum pada bentuk present tense, singular verb berupa base form (bentuk dasar) dari verbdengan ditambahkan ending (akhiran) -s. Adapun pada plural verb tanpa ditambahkan ending -s (sebaliknya, plural subject ditambahkan ending -s). Aturan kata kerja ini berlaku pula pada subjek berupathird person (orang ketiga, contoh: Ricky, Anna) dan semua personal pronoun (they, we= jamak; he, she, it= tunggal), kecuali I dan you. Walaupun berupa subjek tunggal I dan you dipasangkan dengan kata kerja bentuk jamak (tidak termasuk verb “be” (was, am) pada “I”).

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic]:

Namun jika ada helping verb, maka helping verb-nya yang berubah sedangkan main verb dalam bentuk dasar (base form verb). Pilihan helping verb dalam bentuk tunggal-jamak-nya adalah is-are, does-do, dan has-have. Khusus untuk has-have, agreement tidak berlaku jika kata tersebut merupakan second helping verb atau digunakan dibelakang helping verb lainnya.

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic; helping verb= underline]:

Sedangkan pada past tense, tidak ada perbedaan bentuk kata kerja dalam hal number (tunggal atau jamak)  jika tidak ada helping verb, yaitu: was-were.

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; helping verb= underline]:

PERMASALAHAN PADA SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement menjadi membingungkan ketika  dihadapkan pada persoalan seperti: subjek berupa collective noun, compound subject, plural form dengan makna singular, dan indefinite pronoun. Selain itu, ada pula phrase atau clause yang menyela subjek dan kata kerja sehingga cukup dapat membingungkan didalam penentuan agreement-nya.

Berikut penjelasan dan beberapa contoh subject-verb agreement. [Subject= bold; verb, linking= italic; helping verb= underline]

Soal dan Jawaban:

1. Septina and I … baking sponge cakes at this time yesterday. Answer: "Were : Dua atau lebih subjek yang dihubungkan dengan AND menggunakan plural verb."
2. Whether to buy or rent a house … an important financial question. Answer: "Is : Dua atau lebih singular subjek dihubungkan dengan OR menggunakan singular verb."
3. … Tika or her co-workers sleep at work. Answer: "Does : Verb disesuaikan dengan compound subjek (menggunakan OR) yang terdekat posisinya dengannya, apakah singular atau plural."
4. Physics … been my favorite subject since I was 15 years old. Answer: "Has : Cabang keilmuan dengan ending -ics bermakna singular sehingga diikuti singular verb."
5. Mumps usually … through saliva. Answer: "Spreads : Nama penyakit dengan ending -s seperti measles atau mumps bermakna singular sehingga menggunakan singular verb."
6. My shears … sharp enough. Answer: "Aren’t:  Subject berupa benda dengan dua bagian pada satu kesatuan membutuhkan plural verb."
7. Eighty percentage of his furniture … old. Answer: "Is : Noun setelah “… percentage of” (fractional expression) menentukan apakah diikuti oleh singular atau plural verb."
8. There … many ways to say “thank you”. Answer: "Are : There bukan subject. Subject muncul seteah verb to be, yaitu: ways. Verb to be disesuaikan dengan subject, apakah singular atau plural."
9. One of her cats … like tuna. Answer: "Doesn’t : Verb disesuaikan dengan subject (one), bukan prepositional phrase diantaranya."
10. The central office manager, along with his two assistant, … left the room. Answer: "Has :  “along with” digunakan bersama subjek tanpa menambah jumlah."

Referensi :

diah_aw.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/16179/Subject+Verb+Agreement.ppt

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subject-verb-agreement

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-subject-verb-agreement-jawabannya

Verb Phrase and Tenses

Pengertian Verb Phrase

Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa main verb dan auxiliary verb-nya, sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement, dan/atau modifier, kecuali subjek kalimat.

Keterangan:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

Keterangan:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

LEBIH BANYAK CONTOH VERB PHRASE

Contoh-contoh verb phrase berikut berdasarkan  traditional grammar.

Keterangan: Verb phrase = bold.

Contoh soal Verb Phrase dan Jawabannya

1. Tika and I are going to visit our college friend tomorrow. (Are going to visit)
2. I have not met him yet. (Have met) Nb: not (adverb) bukan bagian verb phrase
3. He won’t have been sleeping long when you pick him up. (Will have been sleeping)
4. She is walking down the hill now. (Is walking) Nb: verb phrase berupa present continuous tense (auxiliary verb “be” + present participle)
5. You should often clean your cats’ bowl. (Should clean). Nb: often (adverb of frequency) bukan bagian dari verb phrase
6. Julia doesn’t hate working on saturdays. (Does hate) Nb: working (gerund) bukan bagian dari verb phrase

PENGERTIAN TENSES

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa. Di Indonesia dikenal 16 macam tensesbahasa Inggris.

MACAM-MACAM, PENGGUNAAN, RUMUS DAN CONTOH KALIMAT TENSES

Berikut macam-macam, penggunaan, rumus dan contoh 16 macam tenses bahasa Inggris

Catatan:

Rumus pada tabel di atas merupakan rumus umum. Beberapa tense seperti simple present tense dan simple future tense memiliki opsi rumus lain yang dijelaskan lebih detail di halaman masing-masing.

Soal simple present tenses dan jawabannya

1. Does your child … to eat all the time? Answer: "Want : Kata kerja yang digunakan pada interrogative sentence simple present tense merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb)."
2. I do … the funeral. Answer: Attend :  "Auxiliary verb “do” diikuti bare infinitive."
3. The black and white cat … a long tail. Answer: "Has : Subjek kalimatnya “black and white cat” (kucing belang hitam-putih ~ singular subject), maka diikuti singular verb."
4. Suzy and I … tall and skinny. Answer: Are : “Suzy and I” merupakan plural subject, maka diikuti plural verb."
5. It … most of the time. Answer: Happens : “It” merupakan singular subject, maka diikuti singular verb."

Referensi :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-verb-phrase

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-verb-phrase-jawabannya

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-16-tenses-inggris

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-simple-present-tense-jawabannya

http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/2015/03/verb-phrase-and-tenses.html

SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT, AND MODIFIER

A normal sentence consists of at least one subject and one predicate. The predicate is the part of the sentence that has the main verb, and tells what the subject did, has done, is doing, or describes the subject. Predicate may also contain a complement and a modifier. Modifier itself may contain a direct object in form of noun phrase, noun clause, or prepositional phrase.

A.    Subject

The subject is the cause, agent, person or thing doing the action. It usually takes form as a noun phrase with a head noun, a determiner and possibly some modifiers. It may also take form as a phrase or a clause. The characteristics of a subject in a sentence :

1.      A subject can be a word or a phrase

2.      A subject is a noun (a person or a thing) or its pronoun

3.      A subject can be singular (a person or a thing)

4.      A subject can be plural (persons or things)

5.      Normally a subject preceedes a verb

Plural and Singular Subject

It is a must to identify whether a subject of a sentence plural or singular. In an English sentence, a sigular subject uses a singular verb and a plural subject uses a plural verb, which is called subject and verb agreement.

Example :

I was very busy last night. -> singular subject

(Hujan sangat lebat tadi malam. -> saya  sebagai subjek tunggal)

Students are not going to the dance party tomorrow. -> plural subject

(Para siswa tidak akan pergi ke pesta dansa itu besok. -> Para siswa sebagai subjek jamak)

  

B.     Verb

In a simple sentence, a verb usually comes after the subject. It can be a word or a phrase which contains a simple form of verb, an adverb, a modal or an auxiliary. The form of a verb must agree with the form of the subject. A singular subject uses a singular verb and a plural subject uses a plural verb. The agreement applies particularly for Simple Present Tense and the sentences which use be (am, are, is) or (have, has) as a main or as a helping verb.

Example :

Nadia is a very smart girl. (Nadia adalah seorang gadis yang cerdas)

They will be here this evening. (Mereka akan berada di sini nanti sore)

He has been a teacher since last year. (Dia sudah menjadi guru sejak tahun lalu)

Table – Singular and Plural Verbs

  

Characteristic	Treatment	Plural	Singular	Indonesia
The last letter is “h” or vowel except “e” huruf terakhir “h” atau huruf hidup kecuali “e” (kalau “e” hanya tambah “s”)	Add “es” Tambahkan “es”	do go forego catch touch punch slash screech stretch pitch	does goes foregoes catches touches punches slashes screeches stretches pitches	melakukan pergi mendahului pergi menangkap menyentuh meninju meringis melengking(suara) membentangkan menembak/melempar sasaran
The last letter is “e” Huruf terakhir “e”	Add “s” Tambahkan “s”	drive hate make nurse raise rise take	drives hates makes nurses raises rises takes	mengendarai benci/enggan membuat merawat/memelihara membesarkan bangkit/terbit mengambil
The last letter is “y” preceeded by a consonant Huruf terakhir “y” didahului huruf mati	Change “y” to “ies” Ganti “y” menjadi“ies”	try cry fry dry carry accompany bury comply deny aplly	tries cries fries dries carries accompanies buries complies denies applies	mencoba menangis menggoreng mengeringkan membawa menemani mengubur mematuhi(aturan) menyangkal menerapkan
The last letter “y” preceeded by vowel Huruf terakhir”y” didahului huruf hidup	Add “s” Tambahkan “s”	stay lay pay pray delay convey convoy	stays lays pays prays delays conveys convoys	tinggal meletakkan membayar berdoa menunda menyerahkan mengiringi/beriringan
The last letter is a consonant Huruf terakhir huruf mati	Add “s” Tambahkan “s”	pack read put screw tear break jump	packs reads puts screws tears breaks jumps	kemas baca meletakkan mengobeng merobek memecah melompat

C. Complement

A complement is one or more elements required by the subject or verb to complete the meaning of the sentence. It may be a direct object (He gave a gift.), an indirect object (He gave me a gift.), a predicative complement (He is good.) or some other element.

D. Modifier

Modifiers are words or phrases that give additional detail about the subject discussed in a sentence. Since these words enhance the reception of a sentence, they tend to be describing words such as adjectives and adverbs. In addition, phrases that modify tend to describe adjectives and adverbs, such as adjective clauses and adverbial phrases.

Example to all :

Subject	Verb	Complement	Modifier
We	have	a meeting	this afternoon
Kami ada rapat siang ini
She	has	a cat	at home
Dia punya seekor kucing di rumah
Nobody	want	you to leave	today
Tidak seorang pun meninginkan kamu pergi hari ini
The lawyer	asked him	to sign a statement	this morning
Pengacara itu meminta dia menandatangani satu pernyataan tadi pagi
He	likes	to drive	in a desert
Dia senang mengemudi di gurun

Exercise
Identify the subject, verb, complement, and modifier in each of the following sentence.

1.  You shall be at home before dinner

2.  He goes to campus by motorcycle

3.  The car has two seat belts on the front seats

4.  Talking to a stranger may not comfortable

5.  Susi’s hobby is swimming in a beach

Answer

1.  You / shall be / at home / before dinner.

(subject) / (verb) / (modifier of place) / (modifier of time)

2.  He / goes / to campus by motorcycle.

(subject) / (verb) / (complement)

3.  The car / has / two seat belts / on the front seats.

(subject) / (verb) / (complement) / (modifier)

4.  Talking to a stranger / may / not comfortable.

subject (gerund) / (verb) / (complement)

5.  Susi’s hobby / is / swimming / in a beach.

(subject) / (verb) / (complement) / (modifier of place)

Source :

Sihombing, Binsar. English Grammar Comprehension. Jakarta : Grasindo (link)
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/sent-subjpred.html